慈湖地區生態保育型態及經營管理之評估
關鍵詞：金門國家公園、慈湖、鸕鶿、魚塭、保育軸、經營管理、水鳥
一、 研究緣起
慈湖為金門國家公園最重要濕地之一。由於該地緊鄰農田魚塭等人工棲地，當地居民之經濟活動與慈湖濕地之生態觀光遊憩活動間如何尋找和諧而共容之關係，實為金門國家公園管理處之重要課題之一。因此研究內容包括針對各類棲地型態依其屬性
與棲地品質訂定個別之保育策略與經營管理建議，並據以作為管理處經營管理相關棲地型態時之參考範本。除此，亦確定慈湖地區生態保育軸之範圍暨該範圍內各棲地型態之保育型態類型、棲地干擾現況評估暨其經營管理策略之建立。
二、 研究方法及過程
1.棲地干擾現況評估：了解慈湖地區各棲地環境之受人為或天然之干擾情形。
2. 動物資源之季節變化：普查之項目包括各類野生動物之資源。
3. 魚塭棲地特徵暨其鳥類棲地利用現況普查：魚塭棲地品質可由其植被、水域覆蓋率與魚塭大小等因子來評價，魚塭鳥類利用普查包括鳥類之物種與其族群數量。
4. 魚塭棲地品質評價系統之建立：包含對魚塭鳥類利用與魚塭棲地特徵兩方面各進行調查。
5. 慈湖生態保育軸範圍之確立暨該範圍內各棲地型態之普查：建立慈湖濕地與其週遭地區對野生動植物完整之棲地利用範圍。
6. 保育型態類型之評定：對慈湖地區各類棲地型態依其棲地特性與棲地品質給予保育型態類型之評定。
7. 利益關係者之訪談：為瞭解慈湖地區居民與公部門之利益衝突關係。
8. 自然生態保育補償措施之居民訪談：為瞭解慈湖附近居民對自然生態保育補償措施之態度與意見。
三、 重要發現
1. 慈湖各類棲地型態之劃分與干擾棲地之現況：慈湖地區共可分出湖域、魚塭、沼澤、潮間帶泥灘地、農田、草地、森林與聚落等八種棲地型態。
2. 慈湖地區之鳥類資源有明顯之季節變化：大抵以5 月至9 月是最平均但亦是鳥種數與月總族群數量最低之月份，而10 月與11 月不論在月鳥種數與月總族群數量均呈跳躍式之增加。
3. 慈湖週遭魚塭棲地特徵:魚塭停養與否對魚塭棲地特徵影響頗大。
4. 慈湖週遭魚塭鳥類利用現況：慈湖週遭地區之魚塭可分為各類不同類型之魚塭型態，包括：營運中之魚塭、雁鴨池、鷺鷥池、秧雞池、鳥類混合池等。金門慈湖地區生態保育型態及經營管理之評估
5. 魚塭區鳥類資源之經營管理應依鳥類同功群與重要指標鳥種之個別經營管理策略來經營：魚塭區之鳥類為慈湖地區生態保育軸中潛在易受威脅之地區與動物類別。
6. 各利益關係者對慈湖地區經營管理之觀點：慈湖當地居民反映土地之管理以原有土地之利用方式為之，但對國家公園所帶來之正面效益亦有所肯定。
7. 「天然海岸-人工濕地混合型濕地系統」生態保育軸之確立：慈湖地區之保育軸應以自然生態為主軸，包括天然海岸與人工濕地兩大類。
8. 慈湖生態保育軸之五大主要棲地型態之區分：共包括沿岸淺海濕地、沿岸潮間帶泥灘地、湖泊棲地、魚塭棲地與樹林區等五種棲地型態。
9. 補償金之發放有助於增加當地居民對保育之支持：普遍認為補償金為最直接亦較能接受之補償方法。
四、 主要建議事項
立即可行建議：
1. 加強賞鳥步道之維護工作：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：步道修築與維護之相關廠商
2. 加強辦理與慈湖當地社區交換意見之座談會與公聽會：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：中國文化大學觀光事業學系、金門縣政府、金門野鳥學會
長期性之建議：
1. 租借水鳥資源特別豐富之魚塭以進行賞鳥相關配合措施：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：中國文化大學觀光事業學系、金門野鳥學會
2. 賞鳥小屋之修築：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：中國文化大學觀光事業學系、金門野鳥學會、賞鳥小屋修築與維護之相關廠商
3. 提升慈湖週遭社區經濟上之獲益：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：中國文化大學觀光事業學系、金門縣政府、台師大環境教育研究所
4. 規劃多樣之賞鳥行程：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：中國文化大學觀光事業學系、金門縣政府、金門野鳥學會
Keywords: Kinmen national park, Chihu, , Phalacrocorax carbo, fish pond, conservation core area, management, water bird
1. Introduction
Chihu is one of the most important wetlands in Kinmen national park. As it is located nearby artificial habitats such as farm land and fish ponds, howeconomic activities of the locals and tourism coexist is a major issue that should be dealt by the Kinmen national park. So managing suggestion are made based on different types of habitual environment. So the conservation core area can be established, along with the type of conservation, habitual interference assessment and management strategies of the area.
2. Research methods
3. Important Findings
This research comes to the immediate and long-term strategies.
For immediate strategies:
1. Improving the maintenance of the bird watching path.
2. Improving communication with the locals with meetings.
For long-term strategies
1. Renting fish ponds with rich bird resources for bird-watching purposes.
2. Building a bird-watching shack.
3. Improving economics of the neighborhood in Chihu.
4. Designing diversified bird-watching schedules.
一、 研究緣起
慈湖為金門國家公園最重要濕地之一。由於該地緊鄰農田魚塭等人工棲地，當地居民之經濟活動與慈湖濕地之生態觀光遊憩活動間如何尋找和諧而共容之關係，實為金門國家公園管理處之重要課題之一。因此研究內容包括針對各類棲地型態依其屬性
與棲地品質訂定個別之保育策略與經營管理建議，並據以作為管理處經營管理相關棲地型態時之參考範本。除此，亦確定慈湖地區生態保育軸之範圍暨該範圍內各棲地型態之保育型態類型、棲地干擾現況評估暨其經營管理策略之建立。
二、 研究方法及過程
1.棲地干擾現況評估：了解慈湖地區各棲地環境之受人為或天然之干擾情形。
2. 動物資源之季節變化：普查之項目包括各類野生動物之資源。
3. 魚塭棲地特徵暨其鳥類棲地利用現況普查：魚塭棲地品質可由其植被、水域覆蓋率與魚塭大小等因子來評價，魚塭鳥類利用普查包括鳥類之物種與其族群數量。
4. 魚塭棲地品質評價系統之建立：包含對魚塭鳥類利用與魚塭棲地特徵兩方面各進行調查。
5. 慈湖生態保育軸範圍之確立暨該範圍內各棲地型態之普查：建立慈湖濕地與其週遭地區對野生動植物完整之棲地利用範圍。
6. 保育型態類型之評定：對慈湖地區各類棲地型態依其棲地特性與棲地品質給予保育型態類型之評定。
7. 利益關係者之訪談：為瞭解慈湖地區居民與公部門之利益衝突關係。
8. 自然生態保育補償措施之居民訪談：為瞭解慈湖附近居民對自然生態保育補償措施之態度與意見。
三、 重要發現
1. 慈湖各類棲地型態之劃分與干擾棲地之現況：慈湖地區共可分出湖域、魚塭、沼澤、潮間帶泥灘地、農田、草地、森林與聚落等八種棲地型態。
2. 慈湖地區之鳥類資源有明顯之季節變化：大抵以5 月至9 月是最平均但亦是鳥種數與月總族群數量最低之月份，而10 月與11 月不論在月鳥種數與月總族群數量均呈跳躍式之增加。
3. 慈湖週遭魚塭棲地特徵:魚塭停養與否對魚塭棲地特徵影響頗大。
4. 慈湖週遭魚塭鳥類利用現況：慈湖週遭地區之魚塭可分為各類不同類型之魚塭型態，包括：營運中之魚塭、雁鴨池、鷺鷥池、秧雞池、鳥類混合池等。金門慈湖地區生態保育型態及經營管理之評估
5. 魚塭區鳥類資源之經營管理應依鳥類同功群與重要指標鳥種之個別經營管理策略來經營：魚塭區之鳥類為慈湖地區生態保育軸中潛在易受威脅之地區與動物類別。
6. 各利益關係者對慈湖地區經營管理之觀點：慈湖當地居民反映土地之管理以原有土地之利用方式為之，但對國家公園所帶來之正面效益亦有所肯定。
7. 「天然海岸-人工濕地混合型濕地系統」生態保育軸之確立：慈湖地區之保育軸應以自然生態為主軸，包括天然海岸與人工濕地兩大類。
8. 慈湖生態保育軸之五大主要棲地型態之區分：共包括沿岸淺海濕地、沿岸潮間帶泥灘地、湖泊棲地、魚塭棲地與樹林區等五種棲地型態。
9. 補償金之發放有助於增加當地居民對保育之支持：普遍認為補償金為最直接亦較能接受之補償方法。
四、 主要建議事項
立即可行建議：
1. 加強賞鳥步道之維護工作：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：步道修築與維護之相關廠商
2. 加強辦理與慈湖當地社區交換意見之座談會與公聽會：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：中國文化大學觀光事業學系、金門縣政府、金門野鳥學會
長期性之建議：
1. 租借水鳥資源特別豐富之魚塭以進行賞鳥相關配合措施：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：中國文化大學觀光事業學系、金門野鳥學會
2. 賞鳥小屋之修築：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：中國文化大學觀光事業學系、金門野鳥學會、賞鳥小屋修築與維護之相關廠商
3. 提升慈湖週遭社區經濟上之獲益：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：中國文化大學觀光事業學系、金門縣政府、台師大環境教育研究所
4. 規劃多樣之賞鳥行程：
主辦機關：金門國家公園管理處
協辦機關：中國文化大學觀光事業學系、金門縣政府、金門野鳥學會
Keywords: Kinmen national park, Chihu, , Phalacrocorax carbo, fish pond, conservation core area, management, water bird
1. Introduction
Chihu is one of the most important wetlands in Kinmen national park. As it is located nearby artificial habitats such as farm land and fish ponds, howeconomic activities of the locals and tourism coexist is a major issue that should be dealt by the Kinmen national park. So managing suggestion are made based on different types of habitual environment. So the conservation core area can be established, along with the type of conservation, habitual interference assessment and management strategies of the area.
2. Research methods
1. Disturbed habitat assessment :To understand how different habitats within Chihu is affected by artificial or natural disturbances
2. Seasonal Change of wildlife resources: Investigated items include waterbirds amphibians and mammals
3. Physical characteristics and bird usage in fish ponds: The habitat quality of fish ponds were decided by its vegetation, water coverage and pond size. Bird usage is determined with an investigation on species and population
4. Fish Pond quality assessment system: Includes bird usage and fish pond traits.
5. Establishing the Chihu conservation core area and investigation within the area: Determine the area of wildlife usage in and around Chihu
6. Assessment of conservation type: Assessing habitats in Chihu based on quality and traits.
7. Interview with all stakeholders: To understand the relation between the locals and the management
8. Interviewing the locals based on Natural Conservation Compensation: To understand what the locals think about natural conservation compensation.
2. Seasonal Change of wildlife resources: Investigated items include waterbirds amphibians and mammals
3. Physical characteristics and bird usage in fish ponds: The habitat quality of fish ponds were decided by its vegetation, water coverage and pond size. Bird usage is determined with an investigation on species and population
4. Fish Pond quality assessment system: Includes bird usage and fish pond traits.
5. Establishing the Chihu conservation core area and investigation within the area: Determine the area of wildlife usage in and around Chihu
6. Assessment of conservation type: Assessing habitats in Chihu based on quality and traits.
7. Interview with all stakeholders: To understand the relation between the locals and the management
8. Interviewing the locals based on Natural Conservation Compensation: To understand what the locals think about natural conservation compensation.
3. Important Findings
1. Chihu’s different types of habitat and the situation on disturbance: Chihu can be divided into 8 areas: lake, fish pond, swamp, inter-tidal mud flat,
farm land, grassland, forest and village.
2. Bird resource in Chihu varies according to the season: Between May and September the species and numbers are the lowest but the most even, while between October and November the species and numbers increase rapidly.
3. Physical characteristics of fish ponds around Chihu: The suspension of fish ponds has great effect on fish pond traits.
4. Bird usage around fish ponds: Fish ponds around Chihu can be divided into: working fish ponds, duck ponds, egret ponds, rail ponds, mixed bird ponds.
5. The management of bird resources should depend on bird guilds and indicator species: The birds of the fish ponds are most vulnerable in the Chihu conservation core area.
6. Stake holder’s opinion on management of the Chihu area: The locals reflects that land usage should be the same as before, but also give credits to the national park’s authority.
7. The establishment of the “natural coastline-artificial wetland” conservation core area: Chihu’s conservation core area should be based on natural conservation, including natural coastlines and artificial wetlands.
8. The five habitual types of the Chihu conservation core area: including the coastal shallow sea wetland, coastal inter-tidal mud flat, lake, fish pond and forest .
9. Compensation is an effective way of gaining local support on natural conservation: Compensation is the most direct and effective method.
farm land, grassland, forest and village.
2. Bird resource in Chihu varies according to the season: Between May and September the species and numbers are the lowest but the most even, while between October and November the species and numbers increase rapidly.
3. Physical characteristics of fish ponds around Chihu: The suspension of fish ponds has great effect on fish pond traits.
4. Bird usage around fish ponds: Fish ponds around Chihu can be divided into: working fish ponds, duck ponds, egret ponds, rail ponds, mixed bird ponds.
5. The management of bird resources should depend on bird guilds and indicator species: The birds of the fish ponds are most vulnerable in the Chihu conservation core area.
6. Stake holder’s opinion on management of the Chihu area: The locals reflects that land usage should be the same as before, but also give credits to the national park’s authority.
7. The establishment of the “natural coastline-artificial wetland” conservation core area: Chihu’s conservation core area should be based on natural conservation, including natural coastlines and artificial wetlands.
8. The five habitual types of the Chihu conservation core area: including the coastal shallow sea wetland, coastal inter-tidal mud flat, lake, fish pond and forest .
9. Compensation is an effective way of gaining local support on natural conservation: Compensation is the most direct and effective method.
This research comes to the immediate and long-term strategies.
For immediate strategies:
1. Improving the maintenance of the bird watching path.
2. Improving communication with the locals with meetings.
For long-term strategies
1. Renting fish ponds with rich bird resources for bird-watching purposes.
2. Building a bird-watching shack.
3. Improving economics of the neighborhood in Chihu.
4. Designing diversified bird-watching schedules.