金門佛法僧目鳥類調查
一、研究緣起
民國八十八年筆者進行金門鳥類生態記錄研究時，發現金門地區鳥種豐富，尤其以佛法僧目的鳥類最具有地方特色，牠們大多羽色亮麗、行為有趣、而且明顯易見，此外，除翠鳥比較普遍外，許多種類在國內只有在金門地區才容易看到，例如栗喉蜂虎全國僅在金門可以發現，斑翡翠、蒼翡翠、黑頭翡翠、赤翡翠、佛法僧及戴勝等在金門地區普遍易見，而在台灣本島則數量稀少，因此是金門重要的生物多樣性資源。但除了栗喉蜂虎以外，目前尚未有針對佛法僧目鳥類在金門地區分佈狀況的詳細調查，加上近年隨著駐軍部隊人數大量減少，金門正以快速的步伐進行各項開發工程，給金門的自然環境帶來改變，因此，瞭解金門佛法僧目鳥類的分佈現況以及鳥類群聚五年來因環境改變造成的數量變化實為當務之急。本研究一方面進行金門佛法僧目鳥類的初步調查，同時也針對五年前曾經調查過的地點，再進行一次相同的調查，以瞭解環境變化對於金門鳥類相的影響。
二、研究方法與過程
本研究調查分兩部分，第一部份為每月定時定點進行例行調查，記錄鳥類的月份間變化與全年的狀況，及記錄佛法僧目鳥種的出現與分佈狀況，第二部份則屬於機動性調查，是依不同季節中佛法僧目鳥種的分佈狀況而進行的不定點不定期調查。本年度例行調查所用的方法、路線、與樣點和五年前大致相同，以便與五年前之結果進行比較。機動性調查進行方法是在全島各地搜尋佛法僧目的鳥蹤，記錄目標鳥種的數量與出現位置經緯度、出現地點的巨棲地類別、所利用的微棲地、及所見行為等，同時尋找佛法僧目鳥類的繁殖洞穴，記錄各築巢地的經緯度與棲地特徵，例如洞口方向、高度、附近植被類型、巢洞深度、距水域的距離等，並觀察其繁殖活動。
三、重要發現
本研究累積了六種佛法僧目鳥種的棲地利用及基本行為資料，另外也蒐集了五種佛法僧目鳥種的巢區環境資料。研究結果顯示金門適於佛法僧目鳥種的繁殖，除了一些河道與埤塘的堤岸被水泥化之外，還有八哥開始和蒼翡翠及斑翡翠競爭巢洞的跡象，是嚴重的潛在危機。
今年十月所見的鳥種豐富度最高，四月與九月其次，六月最低。1999年鳥種豐富度最高的是四月，最低的依然是六月。雖然兩年所見各月鳥類種數的變異趨勢相近，但今年五月的鳥種豐富度比五年前低很多，十月的鳥種豐富度則比五年前高很多，兩年度的鳥種相似度為0.71(Jaccard 相似度指數)。今年度在各棲地所見的鳥種較五年前各有增減，僅有在樹草間雜區中每個月出現的鳥種都比五年前增加；各種多樣性指數在不同棲地中各月各有增減，在樹草間雜區則相當一致性地降低，可能反應了各種鳥之間數量差距拉大。
今年參與本計畫的調查人員在野外發現與鑑定鳥類的能力，比五年前的調查員能力高，在此種優勢情況下所見鳥類種數與數量高於1999的結果應是可以預期的結果，但是兩年度間鳥種間的變化，除可能是逢機出現的自然變異之外，亦可能反應了調查區內環境改變及區域性氣候改變的影響。
此外，除前述八哥的數量增長之外，紅鳩也在近五年之中拓展到金門，也是需要關注的現象。
四、主要建議事項
1、仔細監測八哥的族群變化，及與佛法僧目鳥類競爭巢洞的現象
2、於佛法僧目鳥類中，優先進行戴勝的研究，包括其生態、繁殖、及與人類的互動。此研究除有助於生物多樣性保育之外，研究結果亦可以提供作為解說教育之題材。
3、五年後再度進行鳥類調查，以繼續監測金門鳥類與環境的變化。
4、儘量維持或擴大每塊陸域棲地的面積，減少棲地碎塊化的程度，在情況許可的狀況下，改善區塊間的聯繫，提高國家公園內棲地間的聯結性。
5、儘量保留大樹，促進成熟林的形成，以吸引需要成熟林的動物前來棲息。
6、妥善經營金門島上的淡水溼地，在可能情況下儘量降低水泥化的程度。
7、維護土堤的分佈，必要時進行適度整修以維持其對佛法僧目鳥種的可用性。
Abstract
Key words: Kinmen, Coraciiformes, nesting habitat, bird species richness, habitat and avian biodiversity
A. Background of this study
My previous study in 1999 identified the unique features of the avifauna of Kinmen as a large number of species in the order Coraciiformes that are either absent (the Blue-tailed Bee-eater and the Pied Kingfisher ) or rare (White-throated Kingfisher, Black-caped Kingfisher, Ruddy Kingfisher, Broad-billed Roller, and Hoopoe) on Taiwan, and high species richness in wetlands birds. The coraciiform species are mostly bright in plumage, interesting in behavior, and conspicuous in habit. Yet there has been no studies of the coraciiforms on Kinmen except a couple of behavioral studies on the Blue-tailed Bee-eaters. In addition, the decrease in military presence coupled with the push for tourism on Kinmen brought on rapid habitat change and wide spread construction in recent years. The effect of these changes on the avian biodiversity of Kinmen needs to be monitored. This study includes a preliminary study of the Coraciiformes and an island-wide bird survey that repeats the1999 study for comparative purposes.
B. Research methods
This study contains two parts: a monthly survey along transects and at selected locations following predetermined protocol, plus an opportunistic survey at irregular times following irregular routes. The regular survey provides information on monthly variation in the presence and distribution of both the coraciiforms and the other species of birds. The opportunistic surveys provide data on Coracciforms based on encounters outside regular survey time. The transects and regular survey points and the methods used in the first part of the study are mostly the same as those used in 1999, so that the data of the two years can be compared. The second part of the survey included searching for coracciforms all over the island, recording the species, number, geographical coordinates of the location, macro-habitat, microhabitat use, and behavior observed. In addition, we searched for their nests, and recorded for each nest the GPS coordinates of the nests, orientation of the nest holes, height of cavity entrance above the ground, depth of the cavity, the habitat, vegetation around the nest hole, soil type, distance to water etc. We also observed the behavior of the birds when possible.
C. Important findings
This study accumulated data on the habitat use, basic behavior of 6 species, and the nest site characteristics of 5 species of coracciforms. Our results suggested two potentially serious threats for the future of the coracciform species that nest in earthen banks, namely a decrease of earthen banks as a result of cementization, and an increase in the level of nest site competition with the Common Mynah.
This year species richness was highest in October, with April and September the second highest, while the lowest was June. In 1999 species richness was the highest in April, also lowest in June. Although the general pattern of monthly species richness was similar between the two years, the species similarity between the two years is 0.71. The species richness of May 2004 was much lower than that of 1999, but October 2004 had higher richness than October 1999.
Except in the tree-grass mixed habitat, species richness was generally lower this year than in 1999, although there were a few months when the species richness of the inter-tidal zone and salt-water wetlands was higher than the same months in 1999. The other diversity indices did not show a consistent pattern between the two years except for the tree-grass mixed habitat which was consistently lower this year than in 1999.
The field crew this year was much better at detecting and identifying birds than the crew of 1999. Given this advantage, the total number of species and individuals recorded this year was still lower than that of 1999. This most likely reflected the influence of habitat alterations and change in regional weather pattern. For example, freshwater wetlands were quite dry in April this year which most likely resulted in the earlier departure of some wintering migrants. This year some summer migrants also arrived earlier than 1999 which no doubt reflected a more regional change in weather pattern.
Besides the Common Mynah mentioned above, the Red Turtle Dove is another species that warrants close future attention because this species has been expanding its range and has newly arrived Kinmen.
D. Recommendations
a. Carefully monitoring the population of the Common Mynah and the competition between this species and the earthen dike nesting coraciiforms.
b. Give priority to studying the ecology and reproduction of the Hoopoe, as well as its relationship with local residents. This study is consistent with the goals of biodiversity conservation and the research results can be of use in public education.
c. Repeat the avifauna survey every five years, in order to continue monitoring the birds under changing habitat conditions of Kinmen Island.
d. Maintain or enlarge the area of each terrestrial habitat patch, decrease the level of fragmentation, and when possible, create connectivity between habitat patches within habitats inside the National Park.
e. Avoid removal of large trees to encourage the maturation of the woods. This can help attract species that require mature forests to become residents on the island.
f. Properly manage the freshwater wetlands. Whenever possible, decrease the amount of cement in wetlands.
g. Maintain the availability and distribution of earthen dikes. When necessary, repair the dikes so they continue to be suitable to coraciiform species as nesting habitat.
民國八十八年筆者進行金門鳥類生態記錄研究時，發現金門地區鳥種豐富，尤其以佛法僧目的鳥類最具有地方特色，牠們大多羽色亮麗、行為有趣、而且明顯易見，此外，除翠鳥比較普遍外，許多種類在國內只有在金門地區才容易看到，例如栗喉蜂虎全國僅在金門可以發現，斑翡翠、蒼翡翠、黑頭翡翠、赤翡翠、佛法僧及戴勝等在金門地區普遍易見，而在台灣本島則數量稀少，因此是金門重要的生物多樣性資源。但除了栗喉蜂虎以外，目前尚未有針對佛法僧目鳥類在金門地區分佈狀況的詳細調查，加上近年隨著駐軍部隊人數大量減少，金門正以快速的步伐進行各項開發工程，給金門的自然環境帶來改變，因此，瞭解金門佛法僧目鳥類的分佈現況以及鳥類群聚五年來因環境改變造成的數量變化實為當務之急。本研究一方面進行金門佛法僧目鳥類的初步調查，同時也針對五年前曾經調查過的地點，再進行一次相同的調查，以瞭解環境變化對於金門鳥類相的影響。
二、研究方法與過程
本研究調查分兩部分，第一部份為每月定時定點進行例行調查，記錄鳥類的月份間變化與全年的狀況，及記錄佛法僧目鳥種的出現與分佈狀況，第二部份則屬於機動性調查，是依不同季節中佛法僧目鳥種的分佈狀況而進行的不定點不定期調查。本年度例行調查所用的方法、路線、與樣點和五年前大致相同，以便與五年前之結果進行比較。機動性調查進行方法是在全島各地搜尋佛法僧目的鳥蹤，記錄目標鳥種的數量與出現位置經緯度、出現地點的巨棲地類別、所利用的微棲地、及所見行為等，同時尋找佛法僧目鳥類的繁殖洞穴，記錄各築巢地的經緯度與棲地特徵，例如洞口方向、高度、附近植被類型、巢洞深度、距水域的距離等，並觀察其繁殖活動。
三、重要發現
本研究累積了六種佛法僧目鳥種的棲地利用及基本行為資料，另外也蒐集了五種佛法僧目鳥種的巢區環境資料。研究結果顯示金門適於佛法僧目鳥種的繁殖，除了一些河道與埤塘的堤岸被水泥化之外，還有八哥開始和蒼翡翠及斑翡翠競爭巢洞的跡象，是嚴重的潛在危機。
今年十月所見的鳥種豐富度最高，四月與九月其次，六月最低。1999年鳥種豐富度最高的是四月，最低的依然是六月。雖然兩年所見各月鳥類種數的變異趨勢相近，但今年五月的鳥種豐富度比五年前低很多，十月的鳥種豐富度則比五年前高很多，兩年度的鳥種相似度為0.71(Jaccard 相似度指數)。今年度在各棲地所見的鳥種較五年前各有增減，僅有在樹草間雜區中每個月出現的鳥種都比五年前增加；各種多樣性指數在不同棲地中各月各有增減，在樹草間雜區則相當一致性地降低，可能反應了各種鳥之間數量差距拉大。
今年參與本計畫的調查人員在野外發現與鑑定鳥類的能力，比五年前的調查員能力高，在此種優勢情況下所見鳥類種數與數量高於1999的結果應是可以預期的結果，但是兩年度間鳥種間的變化，除可能是逢機出現的自然變異之外，亦可能反應了調查區內環境改變及區域性氣候改變的影響。
此外，除前述八哥的數量增長之外，紅鳩也在近五年之中拓展到金門，也是需要關注的現象。
四、主要建議事項
1、仔細監測八哥的族群變化，及與佛法僧目鳥類競爭巢洞的現象
2、於佛法僧目鳥類中，優先進行戴勝的研究，包括其生態、繁殖、及與人類的互動。此研究除有助於生物多樣性保育之外，研究結果亦可以提供作為解說教育之題材。
3、五年後再度進行鳥類調查，以繼續監測金門鳥類與環境的變化。
4、儘量維持或擴大每塊陸域棲地的面積，減少棲地碎塊化的程度，在情況許可的狀況下，改善區塊間的聯繫，提高國家公園內棲地間的聯結性。
5、儘量保留大樹，促進成熟林的形成，以吸引需要成熟林的動物前來棲息。
6、妥善經營金門島上的淡水溼地，在可能情況下儘量降低水泥化的程度。
7、維護土堤的分佈，必要時進行適度整修以維持其對佛法僧目鳥種的可用性。
Abstract
Key words: Kinmen, Coraciiformes, nesting habitat, bird species richness, habitat and avian biodiversity
A. Background of this study
My previous study in 1999 identified the unique features of the avifauna of Kinmen as a large number of species in the order Coraciiformes that are either absent (the Blue-tailed Bee-eater and the Pied Kingfisher ) or rare (White-throated Kingfisher, Black-caped Kingfisher, Ruddy Kingfisher, Broad-billed Roller, and Hoopoe) on Taiwan, and high species richness in wetlands birds. The coraciiform species are mostly bright in plumage, interesting in behavior, and conspicuous in habit. Yet there has been no studies of the coraciiforms on Kinmen except a couple of behavioral studies on the Blue-tailed Bee-eaters. In addition, the decrease in military presence coupled with the push for tourism on Kinmen brought on rapid habitat change and wide spread construction in recent years. The effect of these changes on the avian biodiversity of Kinmen needs to be monitored. This study includes a preliminary study of the Coraciiformes and an island-wide bird survey that repeats the1999 study for comparative purposes.
B. Research methods
This study contains two parts: a monthly survey along transects and at selected locations following predetermined protocol, plus an opportunistic survey at irregular times following irregular routes. The regular survey provides information on monthly variation in the presence and distribution of both the coraciiforms and the other species of birds. The opportunistic surveys provide data on Coracciforms based on encounters outside regular survey time. The transects and regular survey points and the methods used in the first part of the study are mostly the same as those used in 1999, so that the data of the two years can be compared. The second part of the survey included searching for coracciforms all over the island, recording the species, number, geographical coordinates of the location, macro-habitat, microhabitat use, and behavior observed. In addition, we searched for their nests, and recorded for each nest the GPS coordinates of the nests, orientation of the nest holes, height of cavity entrance above the ground, depth of the cavity, the habitat, vegetation around the nest hole, soil type, distance to water etc. We also observed the behavior of the birds when possible.
C. Important findings
This study accumulated data on the habitat use, basic behavior of 6 species, and the nest site characteristics of 5 species of coracciforms. Our results suggested two potentially serious threats for the future of the coracciform species that nest in earthen banks, namely a decrease of earthen banks as a result of cementization, and an increase in the level of nest site competition with the Common Mynah.
This year species richness was highest in October, with April and September the second highest, while the lowest was June. In 1999 species richness was the highest in April, also lowest in June. Although the general pattern of monthly species richness was similar between the two years, the species similarity between the two years is 0.71. The species richness of May 2004 was much lower than that of 1999, but October 2004 had higher richness than October 1999.
Except in the tree-grass mixed habitat, species richness was generally lower this year than in 1999, although there were a few months when the species richness of the inter-tidal zone and salt-water wetlands was higher than the same months in 1999. The other diversity indices did not show a consistent pattern between the two years except for the tree-grass mixed habitat which was consistently lower this year than in 1999.
The field crew this year was much better at detecting and identifying birds than the crew of 1999. Given this advantage, the total number of species and individuals recorded this year was still lower than that of 1999. This most likely reflected the influence of habitat alterations and change in regional weather pattern. For example, freshwater wetlands were quite dry in April this year which most likely resulted in the earlier departure of some wintering migrants. This year some summer migrants also arrived earlier than 1999 which no doubt reflected a more regional change in weather pattern.
Besides the Common Mynah mentioned above, the Red Turtle Dove is another species that warrants close future attention because this species has been expanding its range and has newly arrived Kinmen.
D. Recommendations
a. Carefully monitoring the population of the Common Mynah and the competition between this species and the earthen dike nesting coraciiforms.
b. Give priority to studying the ecology and reproduction of the Hoopoe, as well as its relationship with local residents. This study is consistent with the goals of biodiversity conservation and the research results can be of use in public education.
c. Repeat the avifauna survey every five years, in order to continue monitoring the birds under changing habitat conditions of Kinmen Island.
d. Maintain or enlarge the area of each terrestrial habitat patch, decrease the level of fragmentation, and when possible, create connectivity between habitat patches within habitats inside the National Park.
e. Avoid removal of large trees to encourage the maturation of the woods. This can help attract species that require mature forests to become residents on the island.
f. Properly manage the freshwater wetlands. Whenever possible, decrease the amount of cement in wetlands.
g. Maintain the availability and distribution of earthen dikes. When necessary, repair the dikes so they continue to be suitable to coraciiform species as nesting habitat.