金門地區蜘蛛相調查
一、研究緣起
金門國家公園近年來，針對部分昆蟲、鳥類、兩爬及魚類等動物進行調查，對於蜘蛛尚未進行研究。此外，金門島位於大陸邊緣，鄰接福建地區，過去已進行調查的生物相調查結果顯示金門地區動植物相與大陸福建地區有密切關係，而與台灣間有顯著差異。目前，利用遺傳標記探討金門地區之物種其族群與台灣地區族群間親源關係之研究極少；因此，本研究利用人面蜘蛛探討金門產族群與其地區族群間的遺傳變異，以作為遺傳多樣性保育工作之參考。
二、研究方法與過程
本研究計畫利用系統化及定量之採集法於五種不同棲地類型進行一年四次，一季一次的採集，以調查金門地區蜘蛛相，並依其形態特徵進行分類，建立金門地區之蜘蛛族群多樣性保育基礎資料。再依不同的主要棲地類型，比較蜘蛛族群聚結構之差異，並探討其間的關係。蜘蛛採集同時，我們也對樣區之植被結構進行測量及量化，以更確切了解環境如何影響蜘蛛多樣性。我們選定古寧頭農耕地、碧山廢耕地、太武山闊葉林、乳山針葉林、慈湖溼地等五種不同的棲地型態作為樣區。
三、重要發現
在四次的採集結果中，共採得蜘蛛個體2684隻，其中成熟個體有1046隻，共22科，151個型態種。棲地多樣性指數及物種豐富度皆最高者為慈湖溼地‧以ANOSIM比較棲地間物種組成以及棲地間功能群組成差異之結果顯示針葉林及太武山各自分成兩群，與其它樣區有顯著差異，這些與針葉林及太武山有差異的樣區分別為慈湖溼地，碧山廢耕地，古寧頭耕地等三樣區，此三樣區間之物種組成則無顯著差異。藉由比較不同棲地之植被結構發現底層植被可能是造成金門地區不同類型棲地間蜘蛛多樣性組成差異之主要因子。
族群遺傳結構分析之結果顯示金門大部分人面蜘蛛屬廣佈於東亞之EA基因型，而有少部分個體具有獨特之基因型，並不分佈於其他地區。整體而言，分佈於金門獨特之KM基因與分佈於東亞島嶼及大陸沿海地區之基因型，較為接近。由於KM和EA僅在一個位點上不同，顯示兩者間分化程度相當低，彼此間之隔離時間相當短。可能是在距今不久之前的冰河期因棲地的隔離而造成此獨特基因型之演化。
四、主要建議事項
1、提高生物多樣性須先提高植被複雜度。
2、提高生物歧異度應減少棲地破碎化，提高土壤肥沃度。
3、廢耕田種植多樣性植被，提升蜘蛛多樣性。
4、改善地表植被相複雜度，提升蜘蛛多樣性。
5、草本植被提升能增加植食性昆蟲數量及種類，進而影響並增加其他食性階層之動物。
Abstract
Keywords：Kinmen；spider；diversity；population genetic structure
Recently, Kinmen National Park has conducted various surveys on animals and most of them focused on fauna of mammals, insects, amphibians, fish and birds; currently no study has been conducted on spiders. Kinmen is located near mainland China and past studies revealed that the diversities of Kinmen are more similar to those of mainland than to Taiwan. Currently, population genetic studies examining the relationship between Kinmenese and Taiwanese populations are few.
In this study, we examined the population genetic structure of the giant wood spider Nephila pilipes inhabiting Kinmen and various areas in Taiwan using mitochondrial COI partial sequences as the genetic marker. Another goal of this study is to realize the diversity of spiders in Kinmen National Park. We assessed the influences of habitat type and human disturbances on spider diversity by comparing the community structure and guild composition of different areas. In this study we quantified spider diversity and vegetation structural complexities in five habitat types including plantation, abandoned plantation, broad leaf forest, pine forest and wetland. Four field trips were conducted between April and November 2004. We systematically collected spiders from the ground, bush and canopy of each habitat and quantified the vegetation structures of various layers of the habitats.
A total of 2684 adult spiders were collected and among them were 22 families and 151 morph species. Among the habitats examined, wetland exhibited the highest number of species and diversity indices. A comparison of spider diversity and vegetation structural complexity between habitats showed that different levels of disturbances and managements might have generated different vegetations structure thus resulted in variations in spider diversity among habitats.
Results from population genetic analyses revealed that most of the N. pilipes individuals in Kinmen exhibited the EA haplotype, which was the most common haplotype in East Asia. However, few individuals exhibited the unique KM haplotype and such genotype could only be found in Kinmen. The low molecular divergence between the common EA and the unique KM haplotype suggested a relatively short isolation time. Vicariance events occurred in the last glacial period might have been responsible for the isolation and subsequent evolution of the unique haplotype in Kinmen.
金門國家公園近年來，針對部分昆蟲、鳥類、兩爬及魚類等動物進行調查，對於蜘蛛尚未進行研究。此外，金門島位於大陸邊緣，鄰接福建地區，過去已進行調查的生物相調查結果顯示金門地區動植物相與大陸福建地區有密切關係，而與台灣間有顯著差異。目前，利用遺傳標記探討金門地區之物種其族群與台灣地區族群間親源關係之研究極少；因此，本研究利用人面蜘蛛探討金門產族群與其地區族群間的遺傳變異，以作為遺傳多樣性保育工作之參考。
二、研究方法與過程
本研究計畫利用系統化及定量之採集法於五種不同棲地類型進行一年四次，一季一次的採集，以調查金門地區蜘蛛相，並依其形態特徵進行分類，建立金門地區之蜘蛛族群多樣性保育基礎資料。再依不同的主要棲地類型，比較蜘蛛族群聚結構之差異，並探討其間的關係。蜘蛛採集同時，我們也對樣區之植被結構進行測量及量化，以更確切了解環境如何影響蜘蛛多樣性。我們選定古寧頭農耕地、碧山廢耕地、太武山闊葉林、乳山針葉林、慈湖溼地等五種不同的棲地型態作為樣區。
三、重要發現
在四次的採集結果中，共採得蜘蛛個體2684隻，其中成熟個體有1046隻，共22科，151個型態種。棲地多樣性指數及物種豐富度皆最高者為慈湖溼地‧以ANOSIM比較棲地間物種組成以及棲地間功能群組成差異之結果顯示針葉林及太武山各自分成兩群，與其它樣區有顯著差異，這些與針葉林及太武山有差異的樣區分別為慈湖溼地，碧山廢耕地，古寧頭耕地等三樣區，此三樣區間之物種組成則無顯著差異。藉由比較不同棲地之植被結構發現底層植被可能是造成金門地區不同類型棲地間蜘蛛多樣性組成差異之主要因子。
族群遺傳結構分析之結果顯示金門大部分人面蜘蛛屬廣佈於東亞之EA基因型，而有少部分個體具有獨特之基因型，並不分佈於其他地區。整體而言，分佈於金門獨特之KM基因與分佈於東亞島嶼及大陸沿海地區之基因型，較為接近。由於KM和EA僅在一個位點上不同，顯示兩者間分化程度相當低，彼此間之隔離時間相當短。可能是在距今不久之前的冰河期因棲地的隔離而造成此獨特基因型之演化。
四、主要建議事項
1、提高生物多樣性須先提高植被複雜度。
2、提高生物歧異度應減少棲地破碎化，提高土壤肥沃度。
3、廢耕田種植多樣性植被，提升蜘蛛多樣性。
4、改善地表植被相複雜度，提升蜘蛛多樣性。
5、草本植被提升能增加植食性昆蟲數量及種類，進而影響並增加其他食性階層之動物。
Abstract
Keywords：Kinmen；spider；diversity；population genetic structure
Recently, Kinmen National Park has conducted various surveys on animals and most of them focused on fauna of mammals, insects, amphibians, fish and birds; currently no study has been conducted on spiders. Kinmen is located near mainland China and past studies revealed that the diversities of Kinmen are more similar to those of mainland than to Taiwan. Currently, population genetic studies examining the relationship between Kinmenese and Taiwanese populations are few.
In this study, we examined the population genetic structure of the giant wood spider Nephila pilipes inhabiting Kinmen and various areas in Taiwan using mitochondrial COI partial sequences as the genetic marker. Another goal of this study is to realize the diversity of spiders in Kinmen National Park. We assessed the influences of habitat type and human disturbances on spider diversity by comparing the community structure and guild composition of different areas. In this study we quantified spider diversity and vegetation structural complexities in five habitat types including plantation, abandoned plantation, broad leaf forest, pine forest and wetland. Four field trips were conducted between April and November 2004. We systematically collected spiders from the ground, bush and canopy of each habitat and quantified the vegetation structures of various layers of the habitats.
A total of 2684 adult spiders were collected and among them were 22 families and 151 morph species. Among the habitats examined, wetland exhibited the highest number of species and diversity indices. A comparison of spider diversity and vegetation structural complexity between habitats showed that different levels of disturbances and managements might have generated different vegetations structure thus resulted in variations in spider diversity among habitats.
Results from population genetic analyses revealed that most of the N. pilipes individuals in Kinmen exhibited the EA haplotype, which was the most common haplotype in East Asia. However, few individuals exhibited the unique KM haplotype and such genotype could only be found in Kinmen. The low molecular divergence between the common EA and the unique KM haplotype suggested a relatively short isolation time. Vicariance events occurred in the last glacial period might have been responsible for the isolation and subsequent evolution of the unique haplotype in Kinmen.