金門佛法僧目鳥類調查(二)－金門地區戴勝繁殖生態研究
一、研究緣起與目的
戴勝為金門地區常見的留鳥，但在台灣本島則為不普遍的過境鳥，其獨特的外形非常具有特色。本研究以金門本島戴勝的繁殖行為為研究重點，收集關於戴勝繁殖行為的相關資訊；並藉由個體的標記繫放，瞭解個體的移動範圍，同時收集其組織樣本，以分子生物技術進行性別鑑定。
二、重要發現
今年一共記錄到101窩次的戴勝繁殖，其中有70窩次可以確認使用的巢洞，共使用55個巢洞，其中13個巢洞有重複被使用的紀錄。共發現4對戴勝有繁殖二次的紀錄，另有4個巢洞在同一季中被不同對鳥所使用。所發現的巢洞全部都是人類活動所產生的洞穴，以古厝、農舍和工具間中的縫隙為主，巢洞高度則自地面到3公尺以上的屋頂不等。每對戴勝平均每窩產6.3 ±1.9顆蛋，但至幼鳥繫放前則每窩只剩下2.5 ±1.3顆蛋，母鳥在產下第一顆蛋後就開始孵蛋。行為觀察顯示戴勝的繁殖為一夫一妻，但在8對鳥的繁殖過程中，發現曾有第三隻成鳥會出現在巢洞附近，甚至進入巢洞中。育雛期間成鳥帶回的食物以蟲蛹、甲蟲幼蟲和螻蛄為大宗，分別佔了可辨識種類食物的43.1 %、29.6 %和23.2 %。
總計今年一共繫放181隻戴勝，其中包含48隻幼鳥。以分子生物技術進行性別鑑定的結果顯示幼鳥的性別比例有明顯差異，雌性幼鳥的數量顯著地多於雄性幼鳥數。非繁殖季捕捉到的個體則沒有發現此性別差異的現象。型值測量的結果顯示雄鳥在體重、喙長、全頭長、翼長、尾長、跗蹠骨等測量值上都顯著地大於雌鳥。
繁殖季結束後戴勝會成群活動，成群的個體數最大可達52隻。目前為止一共有59隻、128筆繫放後個體的重見記錄，繫放後最久的重見天數為186天，最遠的移動距離為9404公尺，幼鳥最遠的移動距離則為5856公尺。
今年一共在鳥網和漁網上發現26隻中網的戴勝，網具的數量在十月高梁成熟時數量開始增加。
三、主要建議事項
針對今年的研究發現，研究人員提出以下幾點建議：1）即時轉播戴勝的繁殖過程，作為生態解說的題材；2）進行戴勝親子關係鑑定的研究；3）調查八哥對於戴勝繁殖行為的影響；4）研究戴勝控制農田蟲害的能力。
Abstract
Keywords: Hoopoe, breeding biology, sex identification, banding
The Hoopoe is a common resident bird on Kinmen Island, it is characterized by its unique morphology. In this study, we focused our effort on the breeding behaviors of the Hoopoe, in an attempt to quantify parameters about its breeding. In addition, we banded birds and collected blood samples from banded birds in order to determine their sexes by using the molecular techniques.
In total, we found 101 breeding pairs this year, 70 of them could be traced to their breeding cavities. Fifty-five cavities were used; thirteen of them were used more than once in a breeding season. Four pairs were found breeding twice and four cavities were used twice by different pairs. All breeding cavities were human-made, mainly in the crevices of old buildings, farm houses and tool rooms. The height of the cavity entrances ranged from 0 to more than 3 m. On average, 6.3 ±1.9 eggs were laid per nest, but only 2.5 ±1.3 nestlings were alive before banding. From field observations, all the hoopoes were monogamous though a second adult male were observed in eight nests. During breeding, most food items were composed of cocoons, larvae of beetles and mole crickets, which occupied 43.1 %、29.6 % and 23.2 % of food items respectively.
We have banded 181 hoopoes, 48 of them were nestlings. Sex-typing using the molecular techniques revealed a female-biased sex ratio in the nestlings. Such sex bias was not fund among birds which were banded in non-breeding season. Males were significantly larger than females in nearly all morphological measurements, include weight, bill length, head length, wing length, tail length and tarsus length.
After breeding, the birds foraged together in flocks, numbers in a flock could be up to 52 birds. One hundred and twenty eight re-sightings, including 59 birds were recorded. The maximum duration between re-sighting and banding was 186 days. The maximum movement distance was 9404 m, and for nestlings, the maximum distance was 5856 m.
We found 26 hoopoes trapped on the nets set up by local people. The number of nets increased when the sorghum (kaoliang) was about to be harvested.
戴勝為金門地區常見的留鳥，但在台灣本島則為不普遍的過境鳥，其獨特的外形非常具有特色。本研究以金門本島戴勝的繁殖行為為研究重點，收集關於戴勝繁殖行為的相關資訊；並藉由個體的標記繫放，瞭解個體的移動範圍，同時收集其組織樣本，以分子生物技術進行性別鑑定。
二、重要發現
今年一共記錄到101窩次的戴勝繁殖，其中有70窩次可以確認使用的巢洞，共使用55個巢洞，其中13個巢洞有重複被使用的紀錄。共發現4對戴勝有繁殖二次的紀錄，另有4個巢洞在同一季中被不同對鳥所使用。所發現的巢洞全部都是人類活動所產生的洞穴，以古厝、農舍和工具間中的縫隙為主，巢洞高度則自地面到3公尺以上的屋頂不等。每對戴勝平均每窩產6.3 ±1.9顆蛋，但至幼鳥繫放前則每窩只剩下2.5 ±1.3顆蛋，母鳥在產下第一顆蛋後就開始孵蛋。行為觀察顯示戴勝的繁殖為一夫一妻，但在8對鳥的繁殖過程中，發現曾有第三隻成鳥會出現在巢洞附近，甚至進入巢洞中。育雛期間成鳥帶回的食物以蟲蛹、甲蟲幼蟲和螻蛄為大宗，分別佔了可辨識種類食物的43.1 %、29.6 %和23.2 %。
總計今年一共繫放181隻戴勝，其中包含48隻幼鳥。以分子生物技術進行性別鑑定的結果顯示幼鳥的性別比例有明顯差異，雌性幼鳥的數量顯著地多於雄性幼鳥數。非繁殖季捕捉到的個體則沒有發現此性別差異的現象。型值測量的結果顯示雄鳥在體重、喙長、全頭長、翼長、尾長、跗蹠骨等測量值上都顯著地大於雌鳥。
繁殖季結束後戴勝會成群活動，成群的個體數最大可達52隻。目前為止一共有59隻、128筆繫放後個體的重見記錄，繫放後最久的重見天數為186天，最遠的移動距離為9404公尺，幼鳥最遠的移動距離則為5856公尺。
今年一共在鳥網和漁網上發現26隻中網的戴勝，網具的數量在十月高梁成熟時數量開始增加。
三、主要建議事項
針對今年的研究發現，研究人員提出以下幾點建議：1）即時轉播戴勝的繁殖過程，作為生態解說的題材；2）進行戴勝親子關係鑑定的研究；3）調查八哥對於戴勝繁殖行為的影響；4）研究戴勝控制農田蟲害的能力。
Abstract
Keywords: Hoopoe, breeding biology, sex identification, banding
The Hoopoe is a common resident bird on Kinmen Island, it is characterized by its unique morphology. In this study, we focused our effort on the breeding behaviors of the Hoopoe, in an attempt to quantify parameters about its breeding. In addition, we banded birds and collected blood samples from banded birds in order to determine their sexes by using the molecular techniques.
In total, we found 101 breeding pairs this year, 70 of them could be traced to their breeding cavities. Fifty-five cavities were used; thirteen of them were used more than once in a breeding season. Four pairs were found breeding twice and four cavities were used twice by different pairs. All breeding cavities were human-made, mainly in the crevices of old buildings, farm houses and tool rooms. The height of the cavity entrances ranged from 0 to more than 3 m. On average, 6.3 ±1.9 eggs were laid per nest, but only 2.5 ±1.3 nestlings were alive before banding. From field observations, all the hoopoes were monogamous though a second adult male were observed in eight nests. During breeding, most food items were composed of cocoons, larvae of beetles and mole crickets, which occupied 43.1 %、29.6 % and 23.2 % of food items respectively.
We have banded 181 hoopoes, 48 of them were nestlings. Sex-typing using the molecular techniques revealed a female-biased sex ratio in the nestlings. Such sex bias was not fund among birds which were banded in non-breeding season. Males were significantly larger than females in nearly all morphological measurements, include weight, bill length, head length, wing length, tail length and tarsus length.
After breeding, the birds foraged together in flocks, numbers in a flock could be up to 52 birds. One hundred and twenty eight re-sightings, including 59 birds were recorded. The maximum duration between re-sighting and banding was 186 days. The maximum movement distance was 9404 m, and for nestlings, the maximum distance was 5856 m.
We found 26 hoopoes trapped on the nets set up by local people. The number of nets increased when the sorghum (kaoliang) was about to be harvested.