鸕鶿生態調查研究(二)
一、研究緣起
金門位居東亞候鳥遷移路徑要點，候鳥資源豐富。其中數量龐大的鸕鶿(Phalacrocorax carbo)是最引起人們注意的過境鳥類，近年來在大小金門之越冬鸕鶿最大數量皆在5000隻以上。目前關於金門鸕鶿的研究多是針對其在金門渡冬時生態及習性，對於這些鸕鶿究竟從何而來，以及其在繁殖地之習性與生態，卻仍無較為深入的追蹤與探討。本年度計畫至東亞各主要鸕鶿繁殖地進行採集與觀察，由羽毛之穩定性同位素比例，來比對金門地區渡冬鸕鶿的可能繁殖地。
二、研究方法與過程
於民國94-95年冬季收集慈湖、太湖、西湖及陵水湖等地鸕鶿脫落的羽毛，另於民國95年夏季至中國大陸黑龍江省札龍自然保護區、洪河自然保護區、三江自然保護區、烏蘇里江流域、興凱湖自然保護區，內蒙古自治區之呼倫湖，青海省青海湖自然保護區、札陵湖、及鄂陵湖，以及日本知多半島等十處，採集羽毛，並觀察其繁殖生態與習性。藉由分析、比對羽毛中重氫、氧、碳和氮穩定同位素的比例，探討金門渡冬鸕鶿之可能繁殖地來源。
三、重要研究發現
1.鸕鶿的同一根飛羽之根端與尖端的穩定性同位素讦D、讦18O 、讦15N、讦13C比例並無顯著差異，顯示鸕鶿羽毛應是於某一特定區域長成，且在羽毛長成過程中個體沒有長距離的遷移。此外，金門採集到的鸕鶿羽毛中，重氫及氧比例均低，應該是在高緯度的繁殖地長成。
2.烏蘇里江、知多半島、青海湖等鸕鶿繁殖地的穩定性同位素分布集中且不同繁殖地點間少有重疊，可以明確鑑別出繁殖地之間的差異。
3.在金門採集的多數羽毛中，重氫及18O的分布不與烏蘇里江、知多半島、青海湖等地之羽毛相符，因此在金門越冬的主要鸕鶿族群應不是來自於此三地。
4.金門採集的羽毛在不同穩定性同位素的分布極為分散，推測來到金門越冬的鸕鶿極可能來自於多個繁殖地點或是一個廣闊的區域。
5.金門慈湖、太湖及小金門等地鸕鶿的穩定性同位素分布雖廣，但互相不完全重疊，推測三地鸕鶿族群所來自的繁殖地並不完全相同。
6.由穩定性同位素分析、對照文獻紀錄及實地訪查的結果，推測金門越冬的鸕鶿主力可能來自於更北方的俄羅斯境內烏蘇里江流域，或是貝加爾湖南側一帶。
Abstract
Keywords：great cormorant, Kinmen, breeding ground, migration, stable isotopes.
A.Background
Kinmen is located on major bird migratory routes of East Asia. Among many migratory bird species recorded in Kinmen, great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) is the species with large population size and special notions. In recent years, the wintering populations of great cormorant on Kinmen islands exceeded 5000 individuals. Most recent studies focused on their ecological habits in wintering season. Very few information is known on their breeding grounds, breeding ecology, and behavior. Therefore, we collected and compared cormorant feathers samples from Kinmen and major breeding sites in East Asia in order to reveal their possible breeding grounds.
B.Methods
We collected shed feathers of wintering great cormorants of Kinmen in Tzu Lake, Tai Lake, Xi Lake, and Linhshui Lake monthly during the 2005-2006 winter season. Besides, we visited and collected feather samples in the breeding grounds of great cormorants in ten sites of East Asia and investigated its breeding habits. The possible breeding grounds of great cormorants wintering in Kinmen were determined by analyzing and comparing the concentrations of stable isotopes (Deuterium, O, C, N) in collected feathers.
C. Major findings
1.There was no significant difference of stable isotopes (讦D、讦18O 、讦15N、讦13C) in near-side and far-side of same feather, indicating great cormorants had a quick molting of feathers or molted in a fixed area.
2.The concentrations of stable isotopes in the cormorant feathers collected from Ussuri River, Chita Peninsula, and Qinghai Lake were aggregated separately and showed little overlap among them, showing concentrations of stable isotopes could as serve sensitive and reliable keys to discriminate breeding grounds.
3.Most of the cormorant feathers collected from Kinmen were not identical to those from Ussuri River, Chita Peninsula, and Qinghai Lake in the concentrations of deuterium and O, suggesting most of the cormorants in Kinmen were not breeding in those three sites.
4.The concentrations of stable isotopes in the cormorant feathers collected from Kinmen were widely distributed, indicating those cormorants were from multiple breeding sites or a very broad region.
5.The concentrations of stable isotopes of the cormorant feathers collected from Tzu Lake, Tai Lake, and little Kinmen overlapped but were not identical, suggesting the cormorant populations in these three winter sites were not from same breeding sites.
6.By facts collected by stable isotopes analyses, literature, and field expeditions, we concluded that the cormorants wintering in Kinmen were mainly from the Russian territory of Northern Amur River or Southern region of Lake Baikal.
金門位居東亞候鳥遷移路徑要點，候鳥資源豐富。其中數量龐大的鸕鶿(Phalacrocorax carbo)是最引起人們注意的過境鳥類，近年來在大小金門之越冬鸕鶿最大數量皆在5000隻以上。目前關於金門鸕鶿的研究多是針對其在金門渡冬時生態及習性，對於這些鸕鶿究竟從何而來，以及其在繁殖地之習性與生態，卻仍無較為深入的追蹤與探討。本年度計畫至東亞各主要鸕鶿繁殖地進行採集與觀察，由羽毛之穩定性同位素比例，來比對金門地區渡冬鸕鶿的可能繁殖地。
二、研究方法與過程
於民國94-95年冬季收集慈湖、太湖、西湖及陵水湖等地鸕鶿脫落的羽毛，另於民國95年夏季至中國大陸黑龍江省札龍自然保護區、洪河自然保護區、三江自然保護區、烏蘇里江流域、興凱湖自然保護區，內蒙古自治區之呼倫湖，青海省青海湖自然保護區、札陵湖、及鄂陵湖，以及日本知多半島等十處，採集羽毛，並觀察其繁殖生態與習性。藉由分析、比對羽毛中重氫、氧、碳和氮穩定同位素的比例，探討金門渡冬鸕鶿之可能繁殖地來源。
三、重要研究發現
1.鸕鶿的同一根飛羽之根端與尖端的穩定性同位素讦D、讦18O 、讦15N、讦13C比例並無顯著差異，顯示鸕鶿羽毛應是於某一特定區域長成，且在羽毛長成過程中個體沒有長距離的遷移。此外，金門採集到的鸕鶿羽毛中，重氫及氧比例均低，應該是在高緯度的繁殖地長成。
2.烏蘇里江、知多半島、青海湖等鸕鶿繁殖地的穩定性同位素分布集中且不同繁殖地點間少有重疊，可以明確鑑別出繁殖地之間的差異。
3.在金門採集的多數羽毛中，重氫及18O的分布不與烏蘇里江、知多半島、青海湖等地之羽毛相符，因此在金門越冬的主要鸕鶿族群應不是來自於此三地。
4.金門採集的羽毛在不同穩定性同位素的分布極為分散，推測來到金門越冬的鸕鶿極可能來自於多個繁殖地點或是一個廣闊的區域。
5.金門慈湖、太湖及小金門等地鸕鶿的穩定性同位素分布雖廣，但互相不完全重疊，推測三地鸕鶿族群所來自的繁殖地並不完全相同。
6.由穩定性同位素分析、對照文獻紀錄及實地訪查的結果，推測金門越冬的鸕鶿主力可能來自於更北方的俄羅斯境內烏蘇里江流域，或是貝加爾湖南側一帶。
Abstract
Keywords：great cormorant, Kinmen, breeding ground, migration, stable isotopes.
A.Background
Kinmen is located on major bird migratory routes of East Asia. Among many migratory bird species recorded in Kinmen, great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) is the species with large population size and special notions. In recent years, the wintering populations of great cormorant on Kinmen islands exceeded 5000 individuals. Most recent studies focused on their ecological habits in wintering season. Very few information is known on their breeding grounds, breeding ecology, and behavior. Therefore, we collected and compared cormorant feathers samples from Kinmen and major breeding sites in East Asia in order to reveal their possible breeding grounds.
B.Methods
We collected shed feathers of wintering great cormorants of Kinmen in Tzu Lake, Tai Lake, Xi Lake, and Linhshui Lake monthly during the 2005-2006 winter season. Besides, we visited and collected feather samples in the breeding grounds of great cormorants in ten sites of East Asia and investigated its breeding habits. The possible breeding grounds of great cormorants wintering in Kinmen were determined by analyzing and comparing the concentrations of stable isotopes (Deuterium, O, C, N) in collected feathers.
C. Major findings
1.There was no significant difference of stable isotopes (讦D、讦18O 、讦15N、讦13C) in near-side and far-side of same feather, indicating great cormorants had a quick molting of feathers or molted in a fixed area.
2.The concentrations of stable isotopes in the cormorant feathers collected from Ussuri River, Chita Peninsula, and Qinghai Lake were aggregated separately and showed little overlap among them, showing concentrations of stable isotopes could as serve sensitive and reliable keys to discriminate breeding grounds.
3.Most of the cormorant feathers collected from Kinmen were not identical to those from Ussuri River, Chita Peninsula, and Qinghai Lake in the concentrations of deuterium and O, suggesting most of the cormorants in Kinmen were not breeding in those three sites.
4.The concentrations of stable isotopes in the cormorant feathers collected from Kinmen were widely distributed, indicating those cormorants were from multiple breeding sites or a very broad region.
5.The concentrations of stable isotopes of the cormorant feathers collected from Tzu Lake, Tai Lake, and little Kinmen overlapped but were not identical, suggesting the cormorant populations in these three winter sites were not from same breeding sites.
6.By facts collected by stable isotopes analyses, literature, and field expeditions, we concluded that the cormorants wintering in Kinmen were mainly from the Russian territory of Northern Amur River or Southern region of Lake Baikal.