金門國家公園ICT暨雲端應用系統網站更新-珍稀物種GIS圖層調查及數化
摘 要
關鍵字：金門、珍稀有動植物、生態敏感區位、熱點分析、慈湖、陵水湖
一、研究緣起
金門地區自解除戰地任務之後經貿發展迅速，相關建設如雨後春筍，但是島嶼環境敏感，緩衝區位和物種避難所有限，大小金門島嶼的生態具脆弱性與特殊性。動、植物的基礎生態調查研究是落實於生物多樣性保育工作之根基，金門國家公園近10年來持續以GIS建立生物分布資料庫，以及長期的環境監測調查資料。土地資源的經營管理者可以運用空間分析來界定生態敏感區域，據此發展重點之保育措施，讓土地之利用效益最大化，並提昇生物多樣性保育與自然資源經營管理的效益。
二、研究方法及過程
物種資料彙整2008年的金門國家公園保育知識平台資料，和此年度以後有關的生態研究報告，亦併入過去鳥友在研究區內的觀鳥資料和金門植物誌詳細的物種位置資訊。以固定格式界定物種分布位置。以國家公園生物多樣性資料庫與知識平台內的網格標準，陸域500公尺 x 500公尺，海域則為30秒x 30秒（約為1000公尺 x 1000公尺）之網格系統為基礎解析度來建置。區位資料包括干擾源以金門地區近幾年的開發案件為資料來源，國家公園分區圖層則由管理處提供。以ArcGIS為GIS資料之彙整平台，圖層以Shape file格式，TM2 97為投影座標建置。遙測影像以ERDAS Imagine處理。
生態敏感區域之劃定，先以專家意見方式擬定各物種之權重，運用GIS套疊得到「生物群落棲地圖」。再挑出瀕臨滅絕的物種，比較前述之分布，若有差異則將有瀕臨滅絕物種出現之區位的保育等級提升。套疊生態敏感區域、國家公園範圍和干擾源，依據空間區位關係，提出保育原則和建議，也針對特定區域之生態資源特性，提出後續環境維護之建議措施。
所完成之生物GIS分布圖，生態敏感區地圖和干擾源地圖，均數位化儲存於光碟中，交由金門國家公園管理處。此外，本計畫也協助將數化成果轉置於金門國家公園土地使用查詢系統的圖資管理系統。
三、重要發現
彙整2008-2012年間的相關研究共27篇，加上保育知識平台，共建置金門地區珍稀有植物45種，珍稀有動物33種的分布圖層。同時考量到金門動物物種的特殊性，另外數化了13種動物，共計91張分布圖。圖層未來可整合應用至ICT或雲端平台。
有動物分布的網格佔全部陸域網格(738)的51.4％，集中在慈湖附近。有植物分布的網格佔17.9％。相較動物，金門的植物分布較零散且對棲地的單一性高，但也可能和植物分布資料的精準度有關。和金門國家公園範圍圖套疊，國家公園涵蓋了45.4％的陸域動物分布範圍，47.7％的植物分布範圍。
以熱點分析(Hotspot analysis)找出物種集中分布之區域。動物部分熱點的區位為金門島的慈湖、浦邊和沙港，以及小金門的陵水湖附近。而植物的熱點，則主要分布在水域附近，包括前埔溪、田埔、榮湖、太湖和大武山西側，以及小金門的陵水湖。和動物熱點相比較，植物的熱點多，也比較沒有集中性。以保育等級和稀有程度將物種分級給予不同權重，釐清熱點分布的差異，結果顯示不同權重下，熱點的分布仍有一致性，顯示金門地區的生物多樣性熱點區域頗為明顯和集中，僅在植物部分有些許的差異，大武山和瓊林水庫隨著權重值增加，熱點值越高。
套疊熱點和國家公園分區進行GAP analysis，整體而言，許多熱點均不在國家公園的邊界內，植物部分尤其明顯。而在國家公園內之熱點，大多屬於一般管制區、特別景觀區或遊憩區，面臨人類的干擾頗高，加上有私有地抗爭和金門整體開發的議題，未來的保育將會有明顯的挑戰。
Abstract
keywords: Kinmen、rare species、Areas of ecological concerns、Hotspot analysis、Cihu 、Lingshui lake
As islands, due to limited buffers and refuges to prevent species and habitat from stochastic impacts, Kinmen County is noted for the sensitivity, uniqueness and vulnerability of ecosystem. After free from military inhibition, economic developments grow in a fast pace. Land utilization and balance between economical activities and conservation managements become critical issues to authorities. In recent 10 years, Kinmen National Park (KNP hereafter) continues to build up species distribution and monitoring database with GIS approach, which enables resource managers to define areas with ecological concerns and design key conservation measures.
In order to combine and update GIS database, several sources, database of KNP Conservation Knowledge Platform in 2008, related research papers from 2008-2012, bird-watching data collected by wild bird societies, and Flora of Kinmen, were included. Species distribution GIS layers were built in grids, of which the resolutions are 500*500m at land, 30*30 minutes at ocean. For each species, weights of importance were given based on experts’ opinions. Areas of ecological concerns were then delineated according to weights and conservation categories. Other GIS layers contains map of impact sources and regional map provided by headquarter of KNP. Overlaying layers above can unveil the spatial relationships and makes it possible to further propose conservation principles and recommendations. ArcGIS served as the platform to handle map layers, and ERDAS Imagine was used to process satellite images. Digitalized in shapefile formats and TM2 coordination system, all layers were recorded in disc and handed to KNP headquarter.
This study collected 27 research papers from 2008-2012 and combined with existing database from Kinmen National Park Conservation Knowledge Platform. At total, distribution maps of 45 、 and 33 rare animal species were built. In addition, considering the uniqueness of Kinmen on several animal species, distributions of 13 species were digitalized as well. With the application of ICT, all of these maps in GIS format are able to be input into cloud platform.
Grids in which animals distribute aggregated around Cihu, and were 51.4 percents over all land grids(n=738). Comparative to animals, plants in Kinmen distributed more scarcely, 17.9% in land, and grew on more similar habitats. However, this situation could be influenced by how precise the distribution data was. When overlaid by boundaries of Kinmen National Park, only 45.4% of animal, 47.7% of plant habitats were covered by national park.
Hotspot analysis revealed aggregation zones of species distribution. For animals, hotspots gathered around Cihu, Pubian, Shagang, and Lingshui lake. As for plants, there were more hotspots, but didn’t clustered as those of animals. These plant distribution hotspots included Qianpu river, Tianpu, Runghu, Taihu, west side of Taiwu mountain, and Lingshui lake. Furthermore, to understand the differences of hotspot distribution clearly, weights were given to each species based on conservation categories and rarity. Results showed that generally, biodiversity hotspots in Kinmen were pretty close and obvious, and the distribution pattern of hotspots didn’t change as the gain of weights, except for plants. As weights gained, the hotspot values grew at Taiwu mountain and Qionglin reservoir.
GAP analysis overlaid and compared hotspot layers and Kinmen National Park zonal layers. In general, especially for plant species, many hotspots were not inside the boundary of national park. As for those covered inside, most of them were contained by general controlled area, special landscape area or recreation area, which are facing higher anthropogenic impacts than before. Ongoing controversy of Kinmen development issues and protest staged by land owners will lead the conservation into clear challenges in the future.
The study comes to immediate and long-term strategies, including regional and species conservation ones.
Regional conservation, for immediate strategies
1. Biodiversity hotspots are mainly located at Cihu and Lingshui lake. Hotspots in Cihu belong to Kinmen National Park and also the wetland of importance; however, some hotspots in Lingshui lake aren’t situated in neither places. Boundary adjustment is worth considering. For Cihu, it is recommended to design buffer zones and sustainable utilization zones additionally. For Lingshui lake, it’s necessary to expand existing boundary of national park. To do this, more scientific surveys toward ecological function of habitats and detail species distribution information are required.
2. There are private lands around these two areas, and protests of land owners aren’t negligible, especially in Cihu. It’s suggested that headquarter start communicate and cooperate with local groups, encouraging people to acknowledge the conservation value and be willing to take part in related works, monitoring for example.
3. For Cihu, conservation strategies such as zonal designation and habitat restoration to increase heterogeneity and capacity should be carried out through conservation and utilization plan based on Wetland Conservation Act.
Regional conservation, for long-term strategies
Complete conservation management needs to take human culture and tradition into account. For instance, when it comes to conservation approach in Cihu, it is encouraged to construct links between existing facilities and activities held by residents and biodiversity; related strategies needs to ensure sustenance for both. This concept is similar to the understanding “wise use” declared in Wetland Conservation Act. On the other hand, considering the completeness of regions of value in preserving ecological community and ecosystem, not only wetlands, tidal zones and inshore waters are also components to sustain the development of ecosystem. Some species such as shorebirds, Chinese white dolphins, Finless porpoises and Cephalochordate inhabit in and utilize resources from these regions. In the long run, it’s worth rethinking to expand boundaries of Kinmen National Park to inshore areas. Besides, headquarter may seek the cooperation with conservation authorities in Xiamen to conduct scientific research and to enforce related bans.
Species conservation, for immediate strategies
1. With only descriptive data on morphology and geographic distribution, many plant species are lack of precise information of distribution position, life history and ecological requirements. To take effective conservation action, it’s critical to invest more resources on ecological studies of plants in Kinmen. It is recommended that headquarter design monitoring items that are necessary and able to proceed, and should include them into existing surveys.
2. Restrictive measures of some plant habitats are needed, which is the foundation and makes it easier to carry out habitat restoration in the future.
3. Monitoring plan should be designed based on different animal species characteristics, and identified hotspot regions should be taken in the first place. The frequency and method are ought to be the same for quantitative monitoring. Additionally, based on monitoring data, headquarter needs to prepare emergency measures to protect and conserve animal species once there’s drastically decrease of population size or threat to habitat.
Species conservation, for long-term strategies
1. Owing to incomplete coverage of hotspots within national park regions, headquarter can barely accomplish scientific surveys, monitoring, protection measures and habitat restoration all on its own. To headquarter, the coordination and cooperation with Kinmen County Government will be advantageous to monitor data combination, communication of development issues, and designation of proper management strategies and conservation actions.
2. The assistance of local NGOs on monitoring works is crucial. To be able to collect data in a complete and steady manner, it’s recommended that headquarter initiate partnership with local communities.
關鍵字：金門、珍稀有動植物、生態敏感區位、熱點分析、慈湖、陵水湖
一、研究緣起
金門地區自解除戰地任務之後經貿發展迅速，相關建設如雨後春筍，但是島嶼環境敏感，緩衝區位和物種避難所有限，大小金門島嶼的生態具脆弱性與特殊性。動、植物的基礎生態調查研究是落實於生物多樣性保育工作之根基，金門國家公園近10年來持續以GIS建立生物分布資料庫，以及長期的環境監測調查資料。土地資源的經營管理者可以運用空間分析來界定生態敏感區域，據此發展重點之保育措施，讓土地之利用效益最大化，並提昇生物多樣性保育與自然資源經營管理的效益。
二、研究方法及過程
物種資料彙整2008年的金門國家公園保育知識平台資料，和此年度以後有關的生態研究報告，亦併入過去鳥友在研究區內的觀鳥資料和金門植物誌詳細的物種位置資訊。以固定格式界定物種分布位置。以國家公園生物多樣性資料庫與知識平台內的網格標準，陸域500公尺 x 500公尺，海域則為30秒x 30秒（約為1000公尺 x 1000公尺）之網格系統為基礎解析度來建置。區位資料包括干擾源以金門地區近幾年的開發案件為資料來源，國家公園分區圖層則由管理處提供。以ArcGIS為GIS資料之彙整平台，圖層以Shape file格式，TM2 97為投影座標建置。遙測影像以ERDAS Imagine處理。
生態敏感區域之劃定，先以專家意見方式擬定各物種之權重，運用GIS套疊得到「生物群落棲地圖」。再挑出瀕臨滅絕的物種，比較前述之分布，若有差異則將有瀕臨滅絕物種出現之區位的保育等級提升。套疊生態敏感區域、國家公園範圍和干擾源，依據空間區位關係，提出保育原則和建議，也針對特定區域之生態資源特性，提出後續環境維護之建議措施。
所完成之生物GIS分布圖，生態敏感區地圖和干擾源地圖，均數位化儲存於光碟中，交由金門國家公園管理處。此外，本計畫也協助將數化成果轉置於金門國家公園土地使用查詢系統的圖資管理系統。
三、重要發現
彙整2008-2012年間的相關研究共27篇，加上保育知識平台，共建置金門地區珍稀有植物45種，珍稀有動物33種的分布圖層。同時考量到金門動物物種的特殊性，另外數化了13種動物，共計91張分布圖。圖層未來可整合應用至ICT或雲端平台。
有動物分布的網格佔全部陸域網格(738)的51.4％，集中在慈湖附近。有植物分布的網格佔17.9％。相較動物，金門的植物分布較零散且對棲地的單一性高，但也可能和植物分布資料的精準度有關。和金門國家公園範圍圖套疊，國家公園涵蓋了45.4％的陸域動物分布範圍，47.7％的植物分布範圍。
以熱點分析(Hotspot analysis)找出物種集中分布之區域。動物部分熱點的區位為金門島的慈湖、浦邊和沙港，以及小金門的陵水湖附近。而植物的熱點，則主要分布在水域附近，包括前埔溪、田埔、榮湖、太湖和大武山西側，以及小金門的陵水湖。和動物熱點相比較，植物的熱點多，也比較沒有集中性。以保育等級和稀有程度將物種分級給予不同權重，釐清熱點分布的差異，結果顯示不同權重下，熱點的分布仍有一致性，顯示金門地區的生物多樣性熱點區域頗為明顯和集中，僅在植物部分有些許的差異，大武山和瓊林水庫隨著權重值增加，熱點值越高。
套疊熱點和國家公園分區進行GAP analysis，整體而言，許多熱點均不在國家公園的邊界內，植物部分尤其明顯。而在國家公園內之熱點，大多屬於一般管制區、特別景觀區或遊憩區，面臨人類的干擾頗高，加上有私有地抗爭和金門整體開發的議題，未來的保育將會有明顯的挑戰。
Abstract
keywords: Kinmen、rare species、Areas of ecological concerns、Hotspot analysis、Cihu 、Lingshui lake
As islands, due to limited buffers and refuges to prevent species and habitat from stochastic impacts, Kinmen County is noted for the sensitivity, uniqueness and vulnerability of ecosystem. After free from military inhibition, economic developments grow in a fast pace. Land utilization and balance between economical activities and conservation managements become critical issues to authorities. In recent 10 years, Kinmen National Park (KNP hereafter) continues to build up species distribution and monitoring database with GIS approach, which enables resource managers to define areas with ecological concerns and design key conservation measures.
In order to combine and update GIS database, several sources, database of KNP Conservation Knowledge Platform in 2008, related research papers from 2008-2012, bird-watching data collected by wild bird societies, and Flora of Kinmen, were included. Species distribution GIS layers were built in grids, of which the resolutions are 500*500m at land, 30*30 minutes at ocean. For each species, weights of importance were given based on experts’ opinions. Areas of ecological concerns were then delineated according to weights and conservation categories. Other GIS layers contains map of impact sources and regional map provided by headquarter of KNP. Overlaying layers above can unveil the spatial relationships and makes it possible to further propose conservation principles and recommendations. ArcGIS served as the platform to handle map layers, and ERDAS Imagine was used to process satellite images. Digitalized in shapefile formats and TM2 coordination system, all layers were recorded in disc and handed to KNP headquarter.
This study collected 27 research papers from 2008-2012 and combined with existing database from Kinmen National Park Conservation Knowledge Platform. At total, distribution maps of 45 、 and 33 rare animal species were built. In addition, considering the uniqueness of Kinmen on several animal species, distributions of 13 species were digitalized as well. With the application of ICT, all of these maps in GIS format are able to be input into cloud platform.
Grids in which animals distribute aggregated around Cihu, and were 51.4 percents over all land grids(n=738). Comparative to animals, plants in Kinmen distributed more scarcely, 17.9% in land, and grew on more similar habitats. However, this situation could be influenced by how precise the distribution data was. When overlaid by boundaries of Kinmen National Park, only 45.4% of animal, 47.7% of plant habitats were covered by national park.
Hotspot analysis revealed aggregation zones of species distribution. For animals, hotspots gathered around Cihu, Pubian, Shagang, and Lingshui lake. As for plants, there were more hotspots, but didn’t clustered as those of animals. These plant distribution hotspots included Qianpu river, Tianpu, Runghu, Taihu, west side of Taiwu mountain, and Lingshui lake. Furthermore, to understand the differences of hotspot distribution clearly, weights were given to each species based on conservation categories and rarity. Results showed that generally, biodiversity hotspots in Kinmen were pretty close and obvious, and the distribution pattern of hotspots didn’t change as the gain of weights, except for plants. As weights gained, the hotspot values grew at Taiwu mountain and Qionglin reservoir.
GAP analysis overlaid and compared hotspot layers and Kinmen National Park zonal layers. In general, especially for plant species, many hotspots were not inside the boundary of national park. As for those covered inside, most of them were contained by general controlled area, special landscape area or recreation area, which are facing higher anthropogenic impacts than before. Ongoing controversy of Kinmen development issues and protest staged by land owners will lead the conservation into clear challenges in the future.
The study comes to immediate and long-term strategies, including regional and species conservation ones.
Regional conservation, for immediate strategies
1. Biodiversity hotspots are mainly located at Cihu and Lingshui lake. Hotspots in Cihu belong to Kinmen National Park and also the wetland of importance; however, some hotspots in Lingshui lake aren’t situated in neither places. Boundary adjustment is worth considering. For Cihu, it is recommended to design buffer zones and sustainable utilization zones additionally. For Lingshui lake, it’s necessary to expand existing boundary of national park. To do this, more scientific surveys toward ecological function of habitats and detail species distribution information are required.
2. There are private lands around these two areas, and protests of land owners aren’t negligible, especially in Cihu. It’s suggested that headquarter start communicate and cooperate with local groups, encouraging people to acknowledge the conservation value and be willing to take part in related works, monitoring for example.
3. For Cihu, conservation strategies such as zonal designation and habitat restoration to increase heterogeneity and capacity should be carried out through conservation and utilization plan based on Wetland Conservation Act.
Regional conservation, for long-term strategies
Complete conservation management needs to take human culture and tradition into account. For instance, when it comes to conservation approach in Cihu, it is encouraged to construct links between existing facilities and activities held by residents and biodiversity; related strategies needs to ensure sustenance for both. This concept is similar to the understanding “wise use” declared in Wetland Conservation Act. On the other hand, considering the completeness of regions of value in preserving ecological community and ecosystem, not only wetlands, tidal zones and inshore waters are also components to sustain the development of ecosystem. Some species such as shorebirds, Chinese white dolphins, Finless porpoises and Cephalochordate inhabit in and utilize resources from these regions. In the long run, it’s worth rethinking to expand boundaries of Kinmen National Park to inshore areas. Besides, headquarter may seek the cooperation with conservation authorities in Xiamen to conduct scientific research and to enforce related bans.
Species conservation, for immediate strategies
1. With only descriptive data on morphology and geographic distribution, many plant species are lack of precise information of distribution position, life history and ecological requirements. To take effective conservation action, it’s critical to invest more resources on ecological studies of plants in Kinmen. It is recommended that headquarter design monitoring items that are necessary and able to proceed, and should include them into existing surveys.
2. Restrictive measures of some plant habitats are needed, which is the foundation and makes it easier to carry out habitat restoration in the future.
3. Monitoring plan should be designed based on different animal species characteristics, and identified hotspot regions should be taken in the first place. The frequency and method are ought to be the same for quantitative monitoring. Additionally, based on monitoring data, headquarter needs to prepare emergency measures to protect and conserve animal species once there’s drastically decrease of population size or threat to habitat.
Species conservation, for long-term strategies
1. Owing to incomplete coverage of hotspots within national park regions, headquarter can barely accomplish scientific surveys, monitoring, protection measures and habitat restoration all on its own. To headquarter, the coordination and cooperation with Kinmen County Government will be advantageous to monitor data combination, communication of development issues, and designation of proper management strategies and conservation actions.
2. The assistance of local NGOs on monitoring works is crucial. To be able to collect data in a complete and steady manner, it’s recommended that headquarter initiate partnership with local communities.